{"name":"造林更新工题库","level":"初级 / 中级 / 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轻抖舒展根系后栽植","原样连袋放入穴中","剪掉全部盘绕根系","把土团打碎后裸根栽植"],"answer":[0],"explanation":"知识点为容器苗栽植前的根系处理。轻抖舒展可打破盘绕、促发新根，故A正确；连袋栽植会限制根系扩展，故B错；剪掉全部根系会严重削弱吸收能力，故C错；打碎土团失去容器苗带土优势，故D错。"},{"id":155,"type":"single","stem":"植苗造林时，回填表土的正确顺序是","options":["先填表土再填心土","先填心土再填表土","表土心土混合后一次填入","只填心土不填表土"],"answer":[0],"explanation":"知识点为植苗回填程序。表土养分和结构较好，应填在根系附近，故A正确；先填心土会把贫瘠土层放在根际，故B错；混合填入会降低根际土壤质量，故C错；只填心土不利于苗木初期吸收，故D错。"},{"id":156,"type":"single","stem":"造林地清理时，采用块状清理相比全面清理的主要优点是","options":["减少地表扰动并保存部分植被","彻底清除所有竞争植物","便于大型机械全面作业","提高造林初植密度"],"answer":[0],"explanation":"知识点为造林地清理方式。块状清理只在栽植点周围清理，减少水土流失和生态扰动，故A正确；彻底清除是全垦特点，故B错；大型机械全面作业是全面清理优势，故C错；初植密度由设计决定，故D错。"},{"id":157,"type":"single","stem":"播种造林后覆土过厚最可能导致的问题是","options":["幼苗顶土困难出苗率低","种子被鸟类取食","土壤水分蒸发过快","苗木顶端优势增强"],"answer":[0],"explanation":"知识点为播种造林覆土厚度。覆土过厚会阻碍幼苗出土，故A正确；覆土过厚并不直接防鸟，故B错；覆土过厚反而利于保水，故C错；顶端优势与覆土厚度无直接关系，故D错。"},{"id":158,"type":"single","stem":"在干旱半干旱地区造林，苗木栽植后覆盖地膜的主要作用是","options":["减少土壤水分蒸发并提高地温","增加土壤氧气含量","防止苗木被风吹倒","提高苗木光合速率"],"answer":[0],"explanation":"知识点为抗旱造林措施。地膜覆盖可保水增温，故A正确；地膜覆盖会减少土壤通气，故B错；防风吹倒需支撑措施，故C错；光合速率主要受光照和叶片影响，故D错。"},{"id":159,"type":"single","stem":"天然更新造林中，保留母树的主要目的是","options":["提供天然下种来源","提高木材出材率","防止病虫害传播","增加林下杂草数量"],"answer":[0],"explanation":"知识点为天然更新技术。保留母树可为天然下种提供种源，故A正确；出材率与母树保留无直接关系，故B错；母树可能传播病虫害，故C错；杂草增多不是目的，故D错。"},{"id":160,"type":"single","stem":"某林场春季栽植杉木后连续降雨，穴内积水，最合理的处置是","options":["及时开沟排水并适当培土","继续等待雨水自然下渗","用土把苗木全部埋没","拔起苗木重新晾晒根系"],"answer":[0],"explanation":"知识点为栽植后水分管理。积水易导致根系缺氧腐烂，应开沟排水并培土固定，故A正确；等待下渗会加重烂根，故B错；全埋会闷死苗木，故C错；拔起晾晒会使根系失水，故D错。"},{"id":161,"type":"single","stem":"某施工队在陡坡造林时，为省工将穴内挖出的心土直接堆在坡面，最可能引发的后果是","options":["心土松散易被雨水冲走造成水土流失","心土养分高促进苗木快速生长","心土保水性强提高成活率","心土透气性好减少病害"],"answer":[0],"explanation":"知识点为陡坡造林水土保持。心土堆坡面易被冲刷，故A正确；心土养分通常低于表土，故B错；心土保水性不一定强且易流失，故C错；透气性与病害减少无必然联系，故D错。"},{"id":162,"type":"multi","stem":"关于幼林抚育中补植与除蘖的做法，正确的有","options":["补植应选用同龄同种壮苗","除蘖可保留目的树种主干","补植后需及时浇水培土","除蘖应在林木休眠期进行","补植苗木可选用带病苗以省成本"],"answer":[0,1,2],"explanation":"知识点为幼林抚育补植与除蘖。补植用同龄同种壮苗利于林相整齐，故A正确；除蘖保留目的树种主干可培育优良干形，故B正确；补植后浇水培土提高成活率，故C正确；除蘖一般在生长季进行以抑制萌蘖，故D错；带病苗会传播病害，故E错。"},{"id":163,"type":"single","stem":"裸根苗栽植时，将苗木放入栽植穴后应使苗木根颈略低于地面，这一做法的目的是什么","options":["防止栽后浇水时苗木被冲倒","为土壤沉实后根颈与地面齐平留出余量","便于栽后培土时形成灌水穴","避免根系在穴内卷曲窝根"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"知识点为裸根苗栽植深度控制。栽植时根颈略低于地面，是为土壤沉实后根颈刚好与地面齐平，防止埋干过深。防止冲倒靠踏实和支撑，不是控制深度的目的；形成灌水穴是培土工序的作用；避免窝根靠舒展根系操作，与深度无关。"},{"id":164,"type":"single","stem":"容器苗脱袋栽植时，若发现苗木根系在容器内已形成密集缠绕的根团，正确的处理方式是","options":["直接带根团栽入穴内并踩实","将根团底部和侧面几处轻轻拨散后栽植","把根团全部打散并剪去三分之一根系","把根团泡水软化后再原样栽入"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"知识点为容器苗根系处理。轻度拨散根团可诱导新根向外生长，防止窝根。直接带团栽植易造成缠绕根长期不解；全部打散并剪根伤根过重，缓苗困难；泡水软化不能解决缠绕问题。"},{"id":165,"type":"single","stem":"在干旱半干旱地区营造灌木林时，采用穴状整地并覆膜的更新造林措施，其主要作用是","options":["提高地温促进苗木提前萌芽","减少土壤水分蒸发并抑制杂草","防止穴内土壤被雨水冲刷流失","增加穴内土壤有机质含量"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"知识点为干旱区整地覆膜作用。覆膜主要保墒抑草，提高成活率。提高地温在早春有一定效果但不是干旱区覆膜首要目的；防冲刷主要靠整地方式和植被；覆膜不增加有机质。"},{"id":166,"type":"single","stem":"幼林抚育中，对造林后当年生的苗木进行除草松土时，松土深度应控制在","options":["靠近苗木根部处宜浅，远离苗木处可适当加深","靠近苗木根部处宜深，远离苗木处应保持浅耕","全穴均匀保持同一深度便于作业","以见到苗木侧根为准逐次加深"],"answer":[0],"explanation":"知识点为幼林松土深度。根际附近浅松避免伤根，外围可深松改善通气保水。根际深松易伤根；全穴同深度不符合实际；以见侧根为准会反复伤根。"},{"id":167,"type":"single","stem":"播种造林后为防止鸟兽取食种子，在种子处理上常采用的方法是","options":["用温水浸种至种皮开裂","用农药或驱避剂拌种后再播","将种子与湿沙层积催芽后播","把种子裹上黄泥浆晾干后播"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"知识点为播种造林种子保护。拌药或驱避剂可防鸟兽取食。温水浸种是催芽措施不防鸟兽；层积催芽也是催芽措施；泥浆裹种用于小粒种子防冲失，不解决鸟兽取食。"},{"id":168,"type":"single","stem":"植苗造林时，将苗木放入穴内后填土到一半时把苗木轻轻向上提一下再继续填土，这一操作的直接作用是","options":["使苗木根颈抬升到设计高度","使根系在土中舒展并与土壤密接","让穴内土壤形成上松下实的结构","便于判断苗木是否栽正"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"知识点为栽植提苗操作。提苗可使根系舒展、土壤填满根隙，避免窝根和悬空。提苗与根颈高度控制关系不大；上松下实是分层踏实的结果；判断栽正靠目测，不是提苗直接作用。"},{"id":169,"type":"single","stem":"造林成活率调查通常在造林后经过一个完整生长季，采用样行或样地调查，其目的是","options":["统计苗木当年高生长量","判定造林是否达到合格标准","确定是否需要进行补植","评估整地工程的施工质量"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"知识点为造林成活率调查目的。成活率调查用于判定造林是否合格。高生长量属于生长调查；是否补植是依据成活率结果采取的措施；整地质量属于工序验收。"},{"id":170,"type":"single","stem":"在陡坡地段进行更新造林时，整地方式宜优先选用","options":["全面整地","带状整地","穴状整地","水平梯田整地"],"answer":[2],"explanation":"知识点为陡坡整地方式选择。陡坡宜穴状整地，减少破土面和水土流失。全面整地易造成严重水土流失；带状整地仍有一定破土面，陡坡慎用；水平梯田工程量大且陡坡不宜。"},{"id":171,"type":"single","stem":"移植培育的阔叶树苗木出圃前进行断根处理，其主要作用是","options":["控制苗木高生长防止徒长","促进侧须根发育提高栽植成活率","减少苗木蒸腾量便于运输","提高苗木抗寒能力便于越冬"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"知识点为苗木断根处理。断根可促发侧须根，提高栽植成活率。控高徒长靠水肥调控；减少蒸腾靠修剪或遮阴；抗寒锻炼靠控水控氮，均非断根主要作用。"},{"id":172,"type":"single","stem":"某施工队春季栽植针叶树容器苗，栽后连续三天高温晴晒，苗木出现针叶萎蔫但土壤仍湿润，此时最合理的处置是","options":["立即大量浇水以补充苗木水分","对苗木进行临时遮阴并观察恢复情况","将苗木全部拔起重新栽植","喷施速效氮肥促进苗木恢复"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"知识点为栽后异常判断。土壤湿润而苗木萎蔫多因蒸腾过强或根系吸水未恢复，应遮阴减少蒸腾。继续大量浇水会致根系缺氧；拔苗重栽加重损伤；施氮肥会加重负担。"},{"id":173,"type":"single","stem":"裸根苗栽植时，将苗木放入栽植穴后应保持的根颈状态是","options":["根颈略低于地面并覆土成丘","根颈与地面齐平并踏实","根颈高出地面约两指并培土","根颈埋入土中约十厘米"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"知识点为裸根苗栽植深度。根颈与地面齐平可保证根系舒展且不埋干，是常规要求；根颈略低易积水烂根；高出地面根系外露易失水；埋入过深会抑制呼吸和萌发。"},{"id":174,"type":"single","stem":"春季造林时土壤含水量偏低，栽植穴回填土应重点采取的做法是","options":["分层回填并逐层踩实至地平","一次回填后轻踩表层保水","回填后灌透水再覆一层干土","回填湿土后留浅坑不踩实"],"answer":[1],"explanation":"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